and an enactment

<<upon an enactment

<<we do not

<<make.

But let it derive it

<<that he is

<<a shepherd,

<<And Rav Yehuda said:

<<an ordinary

<<shepherd

<<is disqualified!

It is not a difficulty:

<<this is

<<his own [animals],

<<that

<<of others.

<<For if

<<not

<<you say

<<so,

<<we —

<<animals

<<to a shepherd

<<how

<<do we hand over?

<<But

<<it is written:

<<“before

<<a blind man

<<do not

<<place

<<a stumbling block”!

<<Rather,

<<there is a presumption:

<<not

<<a person

<<sins

<<and not

<<for himself.

“This one

<<shall swear

<<that he has no

<<claim

<<in it

<<of less

<<than half”

<<[etc.].

<<About

<<what he has

<<does he swear,

<<or

<<about

<<what he does not have

<<does he swear?

<<Rav Huna said:

<<that he says:

<<“an oath

<<that I have

<<a claim

<<in it,

<<and I have no

<<claim

<<in it

<<of less

<<than half.”

And let him say:

<<“an oath

<<that all of it

<<is mine”!

<<And do

<<we give

<<him

<<all of it?

And let him say:

<<“an oath

<<that half of it

<<is mine”!

<<He would weaken

<<his own claim.

Now

<<too

<<he weakens

<<his own claim!

<<For he says:

<<all of it

<<is mine,

<<and according to your words:

<<“an oath

<<that I have

<<a claim

<<in it,

<<and I have no

<<claim

<<in it

<<of less

<<than half.”

And since

<<after

<<that this one

<<is holding

<<and standing

<<and that one

<<is holding

<<and standing,

<<oath

<<this

<<why?

<<Rabbi Yochanan said:

<<oath

<<this

<<is an enactment of

<<the Sages

<<it is,

<<so that not

<<shall be

<<every

<<one

<<and one

<<going

<<and seizing

<<the garment

<<of

<<his fellow

<<and saying:

<<“mine

<<it is.”

And let us say:

<<since

<<he is suspect

<<about money,

<<he is suspect

<<also

<<about an oath?

We do not

<<say:

<<since

<<he is suspect

<<about money,

<<he is suspect

<<about an oath.

<<For if

<<not

<<you say

<<so,

<<this

<<that said

<<the Torah:

<<one who admits

<<part of

<<the claim

<<shall swear —

<<let us say:

<<since

<<he is suspect

<<about money,

<<he is suspect

<<about an oath!

There,

<<evading

<<he is evading

<<him,

<<as Rabba [explained].

Know [this],

<<for Rav Idi bar Avin said in the name of Rav Chisda:

<<one who denies

<<a loan

<<is fit

<<for testimony;

<<a deposit —

<<he is disqualified

<<for testimony.

But

<<this

<<that taught

<<Rami bar Chama:

<<four

<<watchmen

<<require

<<a denial

<<in part

<<and an admission

<<in part —

<<a watchman

<<unpaid

<<and the borrower,

<<one who receives

<<payment

<<and the renter —

<<let us say:

<<since

<<he is suspect

<<about money,

<<he is suspect

<<about an oath!

There

<<too

<<evading

<<he is evading

<<He thinks:

<<I will find

<<the thief

<<and seize

<<him;

<<alternatively,

<<I will find

<<it

<<in the marsh

<<and bring

<<it.

If so,

<<one who denies

<<a deposit

<<why

<<is he disqualified

<<for testimony?

<<let us say:

<<evading

<<he is evading

<<thinking:

<<until

<<I search

<<and find

<<it!

When

<<we say

<<one who denies

<<a deposit

<<is disqualified

<<for testimony,

<<it is where

<<came

<<witnesses

<<and testified

<<about him

<<that at that

<<hour

<<it was

<<the deposit

<<in his house

<<and he

<<knew;

<<alternatively,

<<that he was

<<holding

<<it

<<in his hand.

But

<<this

<<that Rav Huna said:

<<they impose on

<<him

<<an oath

<<that it is not

<<in his possession —

<<let us say:

<<since

<<he is suspect

<<about money,

<<he is suspect

<<about an oath!

There

<<too,

<<he reasons

<<and says:

<<money

<<I am giving

<<him.

Rav Acha of Difti said to Ravina:

<<But

<<he transgresses

<<on

<<the prohibition

<<of “do not

<<covet”!

“Do not

<<covet”

<<to people

<<without

<<money

<<it implies

<<to them.