two

<<out of

<<the three,

<<or else

<<two

<<witnesses

<<that you divided

<<in the presence of

<<three.

He said to him:

<<from where

<<do you have

<<this?

<<He said to him:

<<for we learned:

<<if

<<there is

<<there

<<a court,

<<he stipulates

<<before them;

<<if there is not

<<there

<<a court,

<<before

<<whom

<<shall he stipulate?

<<His own

<<takes precedence.

He said to him:

<<is it

<<comparable?!

<<There,

<<where one takes out

<<money

<<from this one

<<and gives it

<<to that one,

<<we require

<<a court;

<<but

<<here,

<<his own

<<he takes —

<<a disclosure of

<<the matter

<<merely

<<it is;

<<with two

<<it suffices

<<for him.

<<Know this,

<<for we learned:

<<a widow

<<sells

<<not

<<before

<<a court!

Abaye said to him:

<<and was it not

<<stated

<<concerning it:

<<Rav Yosef bar Minyomi said in the name of Rav Nachman:

<<a widow

<<does not

<<need

<<a court

<<of

<<experts,

<<but

<<she needs

<<a court

<<of

<<laymen?

MISHNAH:

<<If he found it

<<in a stable —

<<he is not

<<liable

<<for it.

<<In the public domain —

<<he is liable

<<for it.

<<And if

<<it was

<<in a cemetery,

<<he may not

<<become impure

<<for it.

<<If

<<said

<<to him

<<his father:

<<“become impure”,

<<or

<<he said

<<to him:

<<“do not

<<return it” —

<<he may not

<<listen

<<to him.

If he unloaded

<<and loaded,

<<unloaded

<<and loaded —

<<even

<<four

<<or five

<<times

<<he is obligated,

<<for it is said:

<<“unload,

<<you shall unload”.

If he went

<<and sat

<<himself down

<<and said:

<<“since

<<upon you

<<is the mitzvah,

<<if

<<it is your wish

<<to unload,

<<unload” —

<<he is exempt,

<<for it is said:

<<“with him”.

<<If

<<he was

<<old

<<or

<<sick —

<<he is obligated.

It is a mitzvah

<<from

<<the Torah

<<to unload,

<<but

<<not

<<to load.

<<Rabbi Shimon

<<says:

<<also

<<to load.

Rabbi Yosei HaGelili

<<says:

<<if

<<there was

<<on it

<<more

<<than

<<its load,

<<he is not

<<bound

<<to it,

<<for it is said:

<<“under

<<its load” —

<<a load

<<that it is able

<<to stand

<<under.

GEMARA:

<<Rava said:

<<the stable

<<of which they spoke

<<does not

<<lead astray

<<and does not

<<guard.

<<It does not

<<lead astray —

<<from that which it teaches:

<<“he is not

<<liable

<<for it”.

<<And it does not

<<guard —

<<from that it was needed

<<to teach:

<<“he is not

<<liable

<<for it”.

For if

<<it enters your mind

<<that it guards —

<<now,

<<if he finds

<<it

<<outside

<<he brings

<<it

<<inside;

<<if he finds

<<it

<<inside,

<<is it necessary to say?

<<Rather,

<<learn from it:

<<it does not

<<guard.

<<Learn from it.

If he found it

<<in a stable —

<<he is not

<<liable.

<<Rabbi Yitzchak said:

<<and that is

<<where it stands

<<within

<<the boundary.

<<By inference,

<<in the public domain,

<<even

<<within

<<the boundary

<<also

<<he is liable.

There are those

<<who teach

<<it

<<on the latter clause:

<<in the public domain —

<<he is liable

<<for it.

<<Rabbi Yitzchak said:

<<and that is

<<where it stands

<<outside

<<the boundary.

<<By inference,

<<in a stable,

<<even

<<standing

<<outside

<<the boundary

<<also

<<he is not

<<liable

<<for it.

In a cemetery —

<<he may not

<<become impure

<<for it.

<<The Rabbis taught:

<<from where

<<that if

<<said

<<to him

<<his father:

<<“become impure”,

<<or

<<he said

<<to him:

<<“do not

<<return it” —

<<that he may not

<<listen

<<to him?

<<For it is said:

<<“Each man,

<<his mother

<<and his father

<<you shall fear,

<<and

<<My Sabbaths

<<you shall keep;

<<I am

<<Hashem” —

<<all of you

<<are obligated

<<in My honor.

The reason is

<<that wrote

<<the Merciful One

<<“My Sabbaths

<<you shall keep”;

<<but

<<were it not

<<so,

<<I would have said

<<he should heed

<<him?

<<But why?

<<This

<<is a positive command,

<<and that

<<is a prohibition

<<and a positive command,

<<and does not

<<come

<<a positive command

<<and override

<<a prohibition

<<and a positive command!

It was needed.

<<It might enter your mind

<<that I would say:

<<since

<<was compared

<<the honor of

<<father

<<and mother

<<to the honor

<<of

<<the Omnipresent,

<<for it is said

<<here:

<<“Honor

<<your father

<<and your mother”,

<<and it is said

<<there:

<<“Honor

<<Hashem

<<from your wealth” —

<<therefore

<<he should heed

<<him;

<<it teaches us

<<that he may not

<<listen

<<to him.

It is a mitzvah

<<from

<<the Torah

<<to unload,

<<but

<<not

<<to load.

<<What is

<<“but

<<not

<<to load”?

<<If we say:

<<but

<<not

<<to load

<<at all —

<<what is different about

<<unloading,

<<for it is written:

<<“unload,

<<you shall unload

<<with him”?

<<Loading

<<also —

<<is it not written:

<<“raise,

<<you shall raise

<<with him”!

Rather:

<<it is a mitzvah

<<from

<<the Torah

<<to unload

<<for free,

<<and not

<<to load

<<for free

<<but

<<for pay.

<<Rabbi Shimon

<<says:

<<also

<<to load

<<for free.

<<We have learned

<<this,

<<for the Rabbis taught:

<<unloading

<<is for free,

<<loading

<<is for pay.

<<Rabbi Shimon

<<says:

<<this

<<and that

<<are for free.

What is

<<the reason

<<of the Rabbis?

<<For if

<<it enters your mind

<<like Rabbi

<<Shimon,

<<let write

<<the Merciful One

<<loading,

<<and it would not

<<need

<<unloading.

<<And I

<<would say:

<<if

<<loading,

<<which does not have

<<in it

<<the suffering of

<<living creatures

<<and there is no

<<loss of

<<money —

<<he is obligated;

<<unloading,

<<which has

<<in it

<<the suffering of

<<living creatures

<<and loss of

<<money,

<<is it not all the more so?!

<<Rather,

<<for what

<<law

<<did write it

<<the Merciful One?

<<To tell

<<you:

<<unloading

<<is for free,

<<loading

<<is for pay.

And Rabbi Shimon —

<<what is the reason?

<<Because

<<are not

<<specified

<<the verses.

And the Rabbis:

<<why

<<are not

<<specified

<<the verses?

<<Here

<<it is written:

<<“lying

<<under

<<its load”;

<<there

<<it is written:

<<“fallen

<<on the road” —

<<that are cast,

<<they

<<and their load,

<<on the road,

<<it implies.

<<And Rabbi Shimon:

<<“fallen

<<on the road” —

<<they,

<<with their load

<<upon them,

<<it implies.

Rava said: